The focus of this research database is on how stress affects women's health, and options for treatment using mind-body therapies.  To obtain full summaries of the articles, see "How to Get Abstracts" below

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11822510 JA

Patients with seriously debilitating medical problems use "protective" strategies to avoid interactions with persons who are insensitive or unknowledgeable, including healthcare professionals.  They avoid situations that remind them of loss, and act protectively towards their family members by limiting information and concealing their distress. However, this takes an emotional toll, since they often must hide these feelings to maintain social and medical support.

2001 J Clin Nurs 10;5:600-8

Dewar, A.

10516982 R,T

Review of history of massage, present techniques, therapeutic effects, scientific basis, contraindications and complications.

1999 Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 10;3:631-49, ix

Braverman, D. L. and Schulman, R. A.

11855801 CT

Aromatherapy and hand and foot massage showed significant reduction in pain and anxiety in a small rehab setting. Description of an educational program for nurses, caregivers and family members.

2001 Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 7;4:188-95

Dunning, T. and James, K.

1996 Music Ther perspect 14;38-43

Mandel SE

1995 Music Ther Perspect 13;2:76-81

Sandness MI

[Top]

Stroke--Psychology

11991910 JA

Findings from Australian focus groups of both stroke patients and members of the general public showed that there is poor understanding of the symptoms of stroke. Simple educational materials for the community need to be developed.

2002 BMJ 324;7345:1065-8

Yoon, S. S. and Byles, J.

10949089 JA

In a longitudinal study of over 6000 patients lasting 16-22 years, and even after adjusting for multiple variables, depression was predictive of subsequent stroke in both black and white men and women.

2000 Psychosom Med 62;4:463-71

Jonas, B. S. and Mussolino, M. E.

8199792 JA

Of sixty patients evaluated 3-5 years after stroke, after adjusting for variables, those more likely to be depressed were women, those with functional dependence, and those with an initial larger brain lesion.

1994 Br J Psychiatry 164;3:380-6

Sharpe, M., Hawton, K., Seagroatt, V., Bamford, J., House, A., Molyneux, A., Sandercock, P., and Warlow, C.

11777097 JA

Caregivers of stroke patients who were female, younger, and in poor physical health were at increased risk for burnout. Protective factors included self-efficacy, social support and the coping strategy of confronting.

2001 Clin Rehabil 15;6:669-77

van den Heuvel, E. T., de Witte, L. P., Schure, L. M., Sanderman, R., and Meyboom-de Jong, B.

10726242 JA

Themes emerging from in-depth interviews with stroke patients: 1) suffering amid restrictions and losses, 2) hopes for endurance and dreams of new possibilities, 3) appreciation of the ordinary, and 4) consoling relationships uplift the self.

1999 J Neurosci Nurs 31;6:336-47

Pilkington, F. B.

11707478 JA

In this Danish study, both male and female stroke patients had twice the rate of suicide than the age-matched general population for the first five years after stroke. Patients under 50 were at even higher risk.

2001 J Epidemiol Community Health 55;12:863-6

Teasdale, T. W. and Engberg, A. W.

[Top]

Spinal cord injury - Psychology

12098624 JA

In spinal cord injury patients, "catastrophizing" was significantly associated with psychological distress and pain, and was consistently and strongly associated with disability outcome. Recognition and treatment of this malcoping tendency could decrease pain and improve outcome.

2002 Pain 98;1-2:127-34

Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Warms, C. A., and Cardenas, D. D.

11064528 CT

Patients with spinal pain were evaluated by several experts as to patients' needs and potential for rehabilitation. There was no acceptable agreement found between any of the expert's ratings. The most important predictor of subsequent patient status was the patients' own belief in the existence of effective treatments, and their ability to cope with their condition.

2000 Spine 25;21:2816-23

Jensen, I. B., Bodin, L., Ljungqvist, T., Gunnar Bergstrom, K., and Nygren, A.

8904727 JA

In chronic pain patients not seeking compensation, those who attributed their pain to a specific trauma reported significantly higher levels of emotional distress, life interference and pain severity than patients who reported an insidious or spontaneous onset.

1996 J Behav Med 19;5:435-53

Turk, D. C. and Okifuji, A.

1561543 JA

The spinal cord injury patient's mental outlook toward disability is affected by age at onset, premorbid personality, and "what people think" modeled by nursing care. Article discusses nursing attitudes that can help normalize these patient's lives. "Spinal cord injury is not an illness, but rather an altered means of physical mobility and functioning."

1992 SCI Nurs 9;1:4-7

Theuerkauf, S. and Stewart, A.

[Top]

Disability and sexuality

11686758 R,T

Disabled people are generally infantilized by society and perceived as sexual, and medical professionals neglect disabled sexual identities. This paper explores how holistic nursing care can include sexual issues in this patient population.

2001 J Adv Nurs 36;3:433-40

Earle, S.

11349241 JA

Male and female stroke patients with sexual dysfunction were significantly more likely to be depressed and to have had a left hemisphere lesion.

2001 Compr Psychiatry 42;3:217-22

Kimura, M., Murata, Y., Shimoda, K., and Robinson, R. G.

11554227 JA

Article reviews psychosocial, emotional, and relationship aspects of sexuality in 15 women with complete spinal cord injury.

2001 J Sex Marital Ther 27;5:615-23

Tepper, M. S., Whipple, B., Richards, E., and Komisaruk, B. R.

9732716 R,T

"Disability has an impact on a woman's sexual identity and confidence, her sexual desire and function, and her ability to find a partner...Recognition of her sexuality, provision of information to enable her to safely express that sexuality, and accurate assessment and management of any sexual concerns are integral components of care." Review of issues and specific suggestions for evaluation and treatment.

1998 CMAJ 159;4:359-62

Basson, R.

8831469 JA

Compared to the general population, spinal cord injury patients reported decreased sexual activity and satisfaction, but similar emotional quality of their relationships. The most important factors in sexual fulfillment were a varied repertoire of sexual behaviors, and the perception that the partner enjoyed and was satisfied with the sexual part of the relationship.

1996 Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77;6:541-8

Kreuter, M., Sullivan, M., and Siosteen, A.

[Top]

Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury--Mind-Body therapy

11494195 R,T

Discusses the supporting evidence of similarity between executed and imagined actions using data from psychophysical, neurophysiologic, and brain imaging studies. "The therapeutic potential of mental practice with motor imagery is more than a leap of faith...We believe that the main question is no longer whether mental practice can help in the rehabilitation of neurologic patients, but rather, what is the best way to implement this cost-efficient technique into current practice."

2001 Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82;8:1133-41

Jackson, P. L., Lafleur, M. F., Malouin, F., Richards, C., and Doyon, J.

12021939 R,T

Review of motor learning and neuroplasticity after brain lesions, including use of imagery.

2002 J Neurol 249;5:518-28

Woldag, H. and Hummelsheim, H.

11978844 JA

Multiple motor areas of the brain are stimulated on PET scans when motor imagery is activated.

2002 J Neurosci 22;9:3683-91

Naito, E., Kochiyama, T., Kitada, R., Nakamura, S., Matsumura, M., Yonekura, Y., and Sadato, N.

11125744 CT

Examines the EEG differences in imagined movements of spinal cord injury patients with executed movements of a control group.

1999 Behav Brain Res 104;1-2:73-88

Lacourse, M. G., Cohen, M. J., Lawrence, K. E., and Romero, D. H.

11585155 JA

Imagining leg extension movement produced significant increase in motor evoked potentials in the quadriceps muscle (p<.001) in healthy volunteers.

2001 J Rehabil Med 33;5:230-4

Tremblay, F., Tremblay, L. E., and Colcer, D. E.

11552193 CT

Stroke patients more accurately traced a line after listening to a relaxation and  guided imagery drawing rehearsal tape.

2001 Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82;9:1213-8

Yoo, E., Park, E., and Chung, B.

11386392 JA

Stroke patients who practiced guided imagery twice a week during rehab improved motor recovery scores over a standard care control group.

2001 Clin Rehabil 15;3:233-40

Page, S. J., Levine, P., Sisto, S., and Johnston, M. V.

11509075 JA

Case report of a stroke patient with stable motor deficits, who improved in function when, in addition to his regular physical therapy regimen, he also listened to a guided imagery tape of himself using the affected limb.

2001 Phys Ther 81;8:1455-62

Page, S. J., Levine, P., Sisto, S. A., and Johnston, M. V.

10101675 JA

Discussion of the "perceptual, physiological and neuroanatomical basis of the interaction between rhythm and movement", with implications for harnessing this interaction for therapeutic purposes.

1999 IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 18;2:101-8

Thaut, M. H., Kenyon, G. P., Schauer, M. L., and McIntosh, G. C.

9349677 RCT

Stroke patients who were entrained via rhythmic stimulation during their rehab sessions had significantly increased velocity and stride length than a control group in normal rehab.

1997 J Neurol Sci 151;2:207-12

Thaut, M. H., McIntosh, G. C., and Rice, R. R.

11469917 CT

Significant improvement in effect and program adherence was found in rehab patients who exercised to either live instrumental or live vocal music.

2001 J Music Ther 38;2:82-96

Johnson, G., Otto, D., and Clair, A. A.

9331582 RCT

1997 Int J Rehabil Res 20;3:325-7

Purdie, H., Hamilton, S., and Baldwin, S.

1992 J Music Ther 24;2:87-102

Cohen NS

10896183 JA

Pilot study of five patients with total paralysis on respirators, who were able to be trained to modulate brain wave function to activate a letter keyboard for communication.

2000 IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 8;2:190-3

Birbaumer, N., Kubler, A., Ghanayim, N., Hinterberger, T., Perelmouter, J., Kaiser, J., Iversen, I., Kotchoubey, B., Neumann, N., and Flor, H.

[Top]

Heart Disease--General Psychology

11252836 JA

Discusses need for researchers to define “emotional well-being” to be able to provide interventions for cardiac patients who feel lonely, depressed or isolated, all associated with poorer outcomes and increased medical care costs. “There is considerable resistance currently in mainstream medicine to the idea of including attention to emotional well-being as a legitimate part of medical treatment. Those who advocate such treatments are often stigmatized or dismissed as being too ‘touchy-feely’...Yet there is a clear interest in emotional interventions--or at minimum, more intimacy in medical treatment--among the American people...Medical students receive little, if any, instruction in interventions that address emotional distress. Much might be accomplished simply by changing the way these students are treated while in medical school, which is usually a highly stressful, hostile, critical, and at times even humiliating environment. It is difficult for people to learn to be caring, warm physicians when they are trained under such austere circumstances.”

1999 J Gend Specif Med 2;5:52-8

Williams, R., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., Legato, M. J., Ornish, D., Powell, L. H., Syme, S. L., and Williams, V.

7630210 JA

Cardiac patients who were evaluated as being significantly psychologically distressed at the beginning of their rehab, experienced significantly increased rates of rehospitalization, cardiac events, and costs ($9504 vs. $2146) over the next six months.

1995 Mayo Clin Proc 70;8:734-42

Allison, T. G., Williams, D. E., Miller, T. D., Patten, C. A., Bailey, K. R., Squires, R. W., and Gau, G. T.

11179268 JA

Post hospitalization cardiac patients who quickly resumed previous life roles were less likely to attend rehab. However, those who did significantly enhanced their secondary prevention behaviours.

2001 Heart 85;3:290-4

King, K. M., Humen, D. P., Smith, H. L., Phan, C. L., and Teo, K. K.

11252836 JA

Discusses need for researchers to define "emotional well-being" to be able to provide interventions for cardiac patients who feel lonely, depressed or isolated, all associated with poorer outcomes and increased medical care costs.

1999 J Gend Specif Med 2;5:52-8

Williams, R., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., Legato, M. J., Ornish, D., Powell, L. H., Syme, S. L., and Williams, V.

11575268 L

Coronary heart disease patients were significantly less likely to experience laughter in their daily lives (p<.005), and there was an significant inverse correlation between humor and degree of disease (p=.03).

2001 Int J Cardiol 80;1:87-8

Clark, A., Seidler, A., and Miller, M.

9172848 RCT

In cardiac rehab patients with arrhythmias, significant predictors of worse outcome included anxiety, more stressful past life events, lower future expectations, anger and depression.

1997 Am J Crit Care 6;2:116-26

Thomas, S. A., Friedmann, E., Wimbush, F., and Schron, E.

8921780 JA

In a group of cardiac patients, mental stress alone was able to cause ischemia in 58% of patients. Although heart rate and blood pressure rose minimally, there was a significant increase in systemic vascular resistance directly related to epinephrine levels.

1996 Circulation 94;10:2402-9

Goldberg, A. D., Becker, L. C., Bonsall, R., Cohen, J. D., Ketterer, M. W., Kaufman, P. G., Krantz, D. S., Light, K. C., McMahon, R. P., Noreuil, T., Pepine, C. J., Raczynski, J., Stone, P. H., Strother, D., Taylor, H., and Sheps, D. S.

[Top]

Heart Disease--Depression

11818580 JA

During a 14 year longitudinal study, depression was a significant independent risk factor for heart failure in elderly women, but not men.

2002 Psychosom Med 64;1:6-12

Williams, S. A., Kasl, S. V., Heiat, A., Abramson, J. L., Krumholz, H. M., and Vaccarino, V.

10843825 JA

After a coronary event, women who experienced two or more depressive symptoms and/or lack of social support were significantly more likely to suffer a recurrent event.

2000 Eur Heart J 21;13:1072-80

Horsten, M., Mittleman, M. A., Wamala, S. P., Schenck-Gustafsson, K., and Orth-Gomer, K.

9178333 JA

Cardiac patients with depression experienced higher average heart rate and lower heart rate variability during daily life than those without depression.

1997 Psychosom Med 59;3:231-5

Krittayaphong, R., Cascio, W. E., Light, K. C., Sheffield, D., Golden, R. N., Finkel, J. B., Glekas, G., Koch, G. G., and Sheps, D. S.

8776552 CT

Patients with coronary artery disease and depression had greater perception of anginal pain and higher blood pressure during angina episodes brought on by exercise than patients who were not depressed.

1996 Clin J Pain 12;2:126-33

Krittayaphong, R., Light, K. C., Golden, R. N., Finkel, J. B., and Sheps, D. S.

[Top]

Heart Disease--Anger

10772405 JA

“Subtle, indirect manifestations of antagonism confer CHD risk on women and more overt expressions of anger confer risk in men.”

2000 Psychosom Med 62;2:248-57

Siegman, A. W., Townsend, S. T., Civelek, A. C., and Blumenthal, R. S.

9773762 CT

Coronary heart disease patients who scored high on hostility had significant increases in platelet activation blood clotting parameters than a control group.

1998 Psychosom Med 60;5:586-91

Markovitz, J. H.

[Top]

Heart Disease and Women

11699023 JA

"On multiple levels these women living with heart disease found themselves at odds--with their bodies, with their feelings, with their families, and with the futures they had expected." "But, you know, when you come home, you think they should realize what you've been through. But they don't. I mean, it's 'OK, Mom's home now and everything should be back to normal again.' But it doesn't snap back that quick...Everybody just goes back to doing their own thing. And you try to do what you did before, but you just can't, not in the same way.'" Suggestions for nursing guidelines to help with home re-integration.

2001 Appl Nurs Res 14;4:201-9

Plach, S. K. and Stevens, P. E.

9444179 R,T

“Women must be given permission to let go of normally performed duties after a major cardiac event and to seek out what is meaningful. Group formats that offer women essential social support, an opportunity to verbally process the meaning of a life-threatening diagnosis, an opportunity to share their experiences with other women, and the ability to reconstruct a new sense of self may be as important for women as other lifestyle components in effective rehabilitation programs.”

1997 Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 9;4:565-75

Arnold, E.

10880663 R,T

Heart disease is the number one killer of women in most Western countries. This article reviews what is known about gender, heart disease, and psychosocial and behavioral issues.

2000 J Psychosom Res 48;4-5:417-23

Abbey, S. E. and Stewart, D. E.

10399804 JA

In Swedish patients one year after heart attack, women experienced significantly lower quality of life than men, with decreased general health and increased anxiety and depression. These symptoms in turn may lead to decreased compliance with healthy lifestyle programs and to isolation. Women may benefit from increased focus on psychological intervention.

1999 Scand Cardiovasc J 33;3:160-5

Westin, L., Carlsson, R., Erhardt, L., Cantor-Graae, E., and McNeil, T.

9854518 JA

Women's recovery from cardiac surgery is impaired by poorer preoperative functional status, lesser social support, and differences in the nature of work to which women return. "Women desired more emotional support from their spouses...support that husbands may not have been socially prepared to provide...Domestic role functions are of high psychological value to women, but are poor choices for cardiovascular activity." Article suggests targeted recovery programs for women that focus on emotional support and resumption of home-related tasks.

1998 Can J Cardiol 14;11:1367-71

King, K. M. and Collins-Nakai, R. L.

11103096 R,T

“Women are often discriminated against economically, politically, and socially, and this discrimination may adversely affect their efforts at CHD health promotion and treatment. Multiple role responsibilities within the family and psychosocial factors, including chronic life stress, are critical to an understanding of the health status of women, particularly poor and minority women.”

2000 J Womens Health Gend Based Med 9;9:967-78

Fleury, J., Keller, C., and Murdaugh, C.

11404642 JA

Women with cardiac disease who maintained or improved their satisfaction with social activities had a 4.5 times greater chance of a positive overall quality of life than women whose social activities deteriorated.

2001 Med Care 39;6:588-98

Janz, N. K., Janevic, M. R., Dodge, J. A., Fingerlin, T. E., Schork, M. A., Mosca, L. J., and Clark, N. M.

11248714 JA

After cardiac surgery, women's abilities to perform previous social roles had an important effect on positive or negative outlook.

2001 Heart Lung 30;2:117-27

Plach, S. K. and Heidrich, S. M.

11234725 JA

In this Swedish study, women were more sensitive than men to psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease. For women, physical stress, emotional stress, burnout, family relationships and daily hassles were as predictive for heart problems as biomedical risk factors.

2001 J Cardiovasc Risk 8;1:39-49

Hallman, T., Burell, G., Setterlind, S., Oden, A., and Lisspers, J.

1585898 JA

Among 749 women followed prospectively for 20 years, significant predictors of heart attack or coronary death among homemakers were: symptoms of tension and anxiety, being lonely, difficulty falling asleep, infrequent vacations, housework affecting health, and believing one is prone to heart disease.

1992 Am J Epidemiol 135;8:854-64

Eaker, E. D., Pinsky, J., and Castelli, W. P.

11217183 JA

For women with cardiovascular disease, self esteem was a stronger predictor of functioning than demographic or clinical factors. Women in the highest quartile of self esteem were five times as likely to maintain or improve functioning.

2001 J Women Aging 13;1:19-37

Forthofer, M. S., Janz, N. K., Dodge, J. A., and Clark, N. M.

10739486 JA

After heart disease symptoms began, women described three responses that kept recurring in no particular order: denial, acknowledging, and being scared. After diagnosis, four issues arose: naming, seriousness of illness, comparing self with others, and causality. It may be helpful to address these issues specifically.

2000 Heart Lung 29;2:105-12

Rosenfeld, A. G. and Gilkeson, J.

7465742 MCC

In looking at preceding stressors in women who experienced sudden cardiac death, they were at six times increased risk if there had been the death of a significant other in the previous few months.

1980 Psychosom Med 42;6:567-74

Cottington, E. M., Matthews, K. A., Talbott, E., and Kuller, L. H.

2276691 JA

Women caregivers of coronary heart disease patients reported strong needs in the areas of education, prevention, and support services.

1990 Health Soc Work 15;4:291-9

Doherty, E. S. and Power, P. W.

11533579 JA

Women were less compliant than men in adopting a healthy lifestyle after coronary artery bypass surgery.

2001 J Vasc Nurs 19;3:73-7; quiz 78-9

Salmon, B.

9835487 JA

After a heart attack, 83% of 40 women participated in an exercise program the first month, but only 27.5% of women were consistently exercising at three months.

1998 Nurs Res 47;6:318-24

Moore, S. M., Ruland, C. M., Pashkow, F. J., and Blackburn, G. G.

11553429 JA

Authors describe the importance of eliciting patient exercise preferences to design individualized therapy programs for women's cardiac rehab. Large variations were noted on the importance participants placed on different exercise features.

2001 Patient Educ Couns 44;3:283-91

Ruland, C. M. and Moore, S. M.

[Top]

Heart Disease--Treatment

12030661 RCT

142 British patients were randomized into the "Angina Plan", a cognitive behavioral disease management program that included relaxation techniques, vs. a regular treatment group. At six months, plan participants had significantly less anxiety, depression, frequency of angina, use of medication, and physical limitations. They were also significantly more likely to have changed their diet and increased daily walking.

2002 Br J Gen Pract 52;476:194-6, 199-201

Lewin, R. J., Furze, G., Robinson, J., Griffith, K., Wiseman, S., Pye, M., and Boyle, R.

8657706 R,T

Review of positive effects of stress management, including relaxation and imagery, in cardiac patients as part of comprehensive care.

1996 Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 11;1:21-9

Ulmer, D.

9013219 RCT

Cardiac rehab patients who practiced progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery had significantly less depression and lower resting heart rate as well as a trend to less medication use at the end of six weeks.

1997 Heart Lung 26;1:31-44

Collins, J. A. and Rice, V. H.

9342998 RCT

107 patients with coronary artery disease were assigned to stress reduction, exercise management or control groups, followed for up to 5 years. The stress management group had only a 0.26 relative risk of a cardiac event compared to the control group. The exercise group had a non-significant slight decrease in risk.

1997 Arch Intern Med 157;19:2213-23

Blumenthal, J. A., Jiang, W., Babyak, M. A., Krantz, D. S., Frid, D. J., Coleman, R. E., Waugh, R., Hanson, M., Appelbaum, M., O'Connor, C., and Morris, J. J.

8656237 R,T

Review of studies showing the benefits of exercise, relaxation techniques and stress reduction in heart failure patients.

1996 J Cardiovasc Nurs 10;2:47-57

Sullivan, M. J. and Hawthorne, M. H.

10867104 CT

Small pilot study of use of guided imagery at home in patients with severe heart failure. Intervention did not decrease dyspnea or other symptoms, but did significantly decrease depression and anxiety.

2000 Am J Cardiol 86;1:101-4

Klaus, L., Beniaminovitz, A., Choi, L., Greenfield, F., Whitworth, G. C., Oz, M. C., and Mancini, D. M.

51189 JA

Small study showing decreased PVCs, especially at night, in cardiac patients who performed the relaxation response for twenty minutes twice a day.

1975 Lancet 2;7931:380-2

Benson, H., Alexander, S., and Feldman, C. L.

9095455 JA

Describes a cardiac rehab program from Beth Israel in Boston that includes mind, body, social, spiritual and behavioral interventions.

1997 J Cardiovasc Nurs 11;3:66-79

Medich, C. J., Stuart, E., and Chase, S. K.

[Top]

Head Trauma

2043906 JA

Describes positive benefits of use of imagery in rehab from head trauma.

1991 Brain Inj 5;1:33-41

Pickett, E.

2220998 JA

Small case series of severe head trauma patients, who had significant improvement in function with relaxation training including imagery, breathing and biofeedback.

1990 Am J Occup Ther 44;9:797-802

Lysaght, R. and Bodenhamer, E.

10519837 CT

In 8 traumatically brain injured patients with persistent gait disorder, matching rhythmic sounds to their gait and then increasing frequency over 5 weeks led to significant increases in velocity, cadence and stride length.

1998 J Music Ther 35;4:228-241

Hurt, C. P., Rice, R. R., McIntosh, G. C., and Thaut, M. H.

10834341 JA

Case report that significant functional improvement and enhanced quality of life is possible even with severe brain injury with use of intensive rehab program including music, occupational and speech therapy.

2000 Brain Inj 14;5:463-71

Burke, D., Alexander, K., Baxter, M., Baker, F., Connell, K., Diggles, S., Feldman, K., Horny, A., Kokinos, M., Moloney, D., and Withers, J.

1991 Music Ther Perspect 9;26-31

Barker VL

10857530 JA

Two years after discharge from rehab for either spinal cord or brain injury, patients described “greater awareness of the self, a change in their view of their own independence, a sense of purpose in life that was not present before, greater awareness of their own mortality and vulnerability, a new understanding of trust, loss of some significant relationships, greater appreciation and closeness with others and the world, and greater understanding of other disadvantaged groups.”

2000 Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81;6:817-23

McColl, M. A., Bickenbach, J., Johnston, J., Nishihama, S., Schumaker, M., Smith, K., Smith, M., and Yealland, B.